Transition from vertical to horizontal delivery (Spain) 

We do not know exactly when the use of different delivery chairs was abandoned in Spain. The afore-mentioned questionnaire by the Ateneo de Madrid, suggests that in Córdoba, for example, it happened around 1870, as this response says:

[…] Until around 30 years ago, women in Cordoba gave birth on a chair and there were several available because they belonged to the brotherhoods who rented them out. These chairs had a virtue and were miraculous […]. Now they give birth in bed or in a makeshift bed as is taught in the medical faculty.

Photo, Lucía Castillo