A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Leisure and culture for the colony
1870. Race meeting held by the ‘Royal Calpe Hunt’ society in Gibraltar. From ‘The Illustrated London News’. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC)

A culturally diverse community
1859. La Alameda (Gibraltar). Sketch by Smith O'Hara from ‘Smith’s Wanderings. A Cruise in the Mediterranean’ (London, Thomas Mc Lean). Source: ‘Aikaterini Laskaridis Foundation Library

The contribution of the Genoese community
2010. Gibraltar. Poster for the 'Fiesta popular de la Calentita' in Casemates Square. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

A rich linguistic heritage
2013. Gibraltar, Casemates Square. Meeting by a member of Unite the Union, the main trade union in Gibraltar, to celebrate the 1st May. The union leader addresses the audience in the local speech of Gibraltar or ‘llanito’. He finishes by telling a joke about the 2008 economic crisis: «Un hombre amenaza a una señora: "¡La bolsa o la vida!". La señora le responde ‘muy tranquilamente’: "Llévate la bolsa mi' ‘arma’, porque la vida está ‘joia’» («A man threatens a woman: "Your money or your life!". The woman calmly answers: "Take the money love, cos life’s a fucking mess"»). And he makes his farewell in English with an Andalusian accent wishing everyone a good day. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Reed and bulrush huts
1950-1960. San Roque Station, San Roque (Cádiz). Women and children in front of a reed hut. Note that the building has two opposing doors. Source: ‘Historia de San Roque en imágenes’, Facebook Group

Housing and dress with materials from Gibraltar
1960s. La Atunara (La Línea). Houses built of several materials on the sandbanks. Some houses are basically tarpaulins or blankets tied together with sticks and string. In the middle, a crouching woman seems to be washing. To her right, a cat and a man walking by. There are clothes sunbathing on the grass. Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso

Patios, support zones
2013. Patio Celeste, in Moreno de Mora Street, inhabited by several families, in La Línea. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Fruit and vegetables for the colony
Early 20th century. Gibraltar. «Bayside lagoon». Sketch by Gil Joseph Podesta from his book ‘Sketches of Old Gibraltar’ (2001).

Leftovers as food
1930. La Línea. Document issued by the military command of La Línea (‘Gobierno Militar de El Campo de Gibraltar’) which mentions permission for two specific residents in La Línea to fetch from Gibraltar «vegetable waste and leftovers». Source: Blog ‘La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

Contraband, industry and culture
1950s. La Línea. Men and women display their wares in street in La Línea. Source: Blog 'La Línea de la Concepción en Blanco y Negro’, Luis Javier Traverso.

The sex industry in the colony
Circa 1909. Gibraltar. Men, women and children on ‘Serruya's Ramp’, a street prostitution area. ‘Serruya's Ramp’ was popularly known as 'Calle Peligro' (Danger Street). Post card from the early 20th century. Source: Pinterest.

Women from La Línea, workers in Gibraltar
1939. Inside and cover of the Access pass to Gibraltar given to Cándida Casal, Isabel Álvarez’s mother, issued in January 1939. The cover reads «Certificate of Employment of Spanish Subject as a Domestic Servant». Cándida Casal began working in Gibraltar before 1936 and continued during the Civil War 1936-1939 and after being widowed in 1939. Source: personal archive, Isabel Álvarez

Sexual abuse of cross-border women workers
2010. Isabel Álvarez and Francisca Aguilar, workers in Gibraltar from the 40s to the 80s, chat beside the window of Amar's Bakery and Confectionery, in Gibraltar. The bakery opened in 1820. It prepares products according to the Jewish religion and used to bake certain Jewish dishes for sale. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez. © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Gibraltar, a port of clandestine emigration
Circa 1905. Gibraltar, wiew of the harbour. Source: Wikipedia

Gibraltar, a refuge
2010. Gibraltar. Antonio Casablanca, from La Línea and a worker in Gibraltar in the 50s and 60s, looks at pictures representing the Civil War 1936-39 and the Second World War in a shop. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Franco’s repression limited access to Gibraltar
1950-1960. Above, Antonio Barros and his brother José María, who disappeared during the war 1936-1939. Below, María Campoy, Antonio and Jose Maria’s mother, who hid compromising books during Franco’s repression of ideas; and José Barros, their father, threatened and imprisoned several times. La Línea. Photographs: personal archive, Antonio Barros

Adapting to the closure of the border
On the left: 1930s. Ángela Castillo, Francisca Aguilar’s grandmother on her mother’s side, on the rooftop of the house where she worked as a servant, in Gibraltar. Photograph: personal archive, Francisca Aguilar. On the right: 2010. A woman, possibly Moroccan, dressing a work coat and work shoes sweeps the entrance to a patio in Gibraltar. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

Inequalities last over time
2001. Map of La Línea. Ports, beaches and the more vulnerable districts are marked. Adapted from the map in the report ‘Análisis urbanístico de barrios vulnerables en España. La Línea de la Concepción’ (‘Urban Analysis of Vulnerable Districts in Spain. La Línea de la Concepción’), carried out by Laura López Álvarez and Álvaro Sánchez Toscano, ‘Ministerio de Fomento', 'Instituto Juan Herrera’, Madrid (Spain)

A small rock wall
1756. Bay of Gibraltar. Hydrographical survey map by Louis Claude de Vezou. The bay is currently called Bahía de Algeciras in Spanish. Source: ‘Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya’ (ICGC).

Oral memory workshops
2011. La Línea. Dina León, Francisca Aguilar’s daughter, reads her mother’s autobiography to her as recounted and prepared in "The Story of my Life" workshop. ‘Centro de Día’ (Day center for the elderly), El Junquillo. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez

The working class district of a wealthy city
2011. Panoramic view of Gibraltar airport and La Línea from the top of the rock of Gibraltar, looking north. In the foreground we can see the branches of wild olive trees (‘Olea oleaster’ or ‘Olea europaea europaea’ var. ‘sylvestris’), then the airport runway, built on an old sandy isthmus, the customs buildings and houses. The following buildings and roads belong to La Línea and other towns around the Bay of Algeciras. In the background, Sierra Carbonera. Photograph: Beatriz Díaz Martínez © Beatriz Díaz Martínez