Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin

Biocultural markers of adulthood
Top left and right, Japan's official ‘Coming of Age Day’, photographer and date unknown. Source: Pinterest. Public domain. Bottom, Profile x-rays of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human skull. Source: ScienceSourceImages CC license by Photo Researchers, Inc.

The prime years of adulthood —reproduction
Top, circa 12th century A.D. «Mother and child», Bengal (Bangladeshand and India). Indian Museum, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 1993. ‘Bisou Bisou’ print clothing advertisement Public domain. Bottom right, ‘Project: Breastfeeding’, date unknown, photographer/daddy Hector Cruz. Both images from ‘Mamas Milk No Chaser’ Public domain

Universal goals of parenthood
Top left, 1989. Guatemala Maya women receiving food and medical care at a village health center (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Bottom left, 2018. Student monks at Buddhist monastery in Sikkim (India) Right, 2018. Adolescent helps woman to prepare food for family and guests, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Images of success
Left, 1999. Young Maya-Americans in the ‘milpa’ (vegetable garden), Florida (USA) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Ph.D. student with his former primary school teachers, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

The prime years of adulthood —production and biocultural reproduction
Women at work in Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Families —many sizes and shapes of biocultural kinship
Left, 1993. Maya nuclear family (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya patrilocal family of sister-in-laws and their offspring (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Gradual decline
Left, 1993. Three generations of Maya women (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Three generations of ‘Ladina’ women with Maya maid (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

The post-reproductive stage in women (and men)
Left, 1951. Grandmother with 1-year old grandson (the author), USA, unknown photographer © Barry Bogin. Center, 2018. Grandmother having her hair groomed while grandson drums on an oil can, Kolkata (India) © Barry Bogin. Right, 1993. Maya women of menopausal age (Guatemala) © Barry Bogin

Transition phase —from ageing to senescence
Left, 1995. Elderly Maya man, Yucatan (Mexico) © Barry Bogin. Right, 2018. Elderly Limboo man, Sikkim (India) © Barry Bogin

Death (age dependent physiological death)
1989. The cemetery of the village of San Pedro Sacatapequez (Guatemala). Left, infant and child section, with shallow graves © Barry Bogin. Right, adult section, with above ground tombs for remains © Barry Bogin